Keywords
Social Discrimination
Social Support
Depression
Activities of Daily Living
How to Cite
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the perception of the elderly about the occurrence of episodes of social discrimination and to identify factors that influence social discrimination. Descriptive-correlational study, with 333 elderly people. The Social Discrimination Against the Elderly scale was used. Most were female (59.5%), mean age 76.13 years; 83.1% perceive themselves to have been victims of episodes of social discrimination. Activities of daily living (p = 0.000), depression (p = 0.000), total functional social support (p = 0.001), visiting or receiving visits from family or friends (p = 0.005) influence the social discrimination of the elderly . It was found that elderly people who are less independent in activities of daily living, more depressed, with less functional social support and who do not visit or are visited by family or friends tend to be victims of greater social discrimination. The results point to the need for greater attention from the community in general and from health professionals in particular, in order to devise adequate prevention and resolution strategies for this phenomenon.
References
European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment SA and EO. Tackling multiple discrimination: Practices, policies and laws [Internet]. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2007 [citado 2021 jun 14]. Disponível em: http://mew.cipal.be/desktop/amazone/core/index.phtml?language=F&euser=&session=&service=opacamaz&robot=&deskservice=desktop&desktop=amazone&workstation=&extra=loi=c:amaz:11555
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). [Internet]. World population ageing 2017 - Highlights. New York; 2017 [citado 2021 jun 14]. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2017_Highlights.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estatística I. Estatísticas Demográficas - 2018 [Internet]. Lisboa; 2019 [citado 2020 set 20]. Disponível em: https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes&PUBLICACOESpub_boui=358632586&PUBLICACOESmodo=2
INE, PORDATA. População residente: total e por grandes grupos etários (%) [Internet]. Pordata. 2020 [citado 2020 set 10]. Disponível em: https://www.pordata.pt/Municipios/População+residente+total+e+por+grandes+grupos+etários+(percentagem)-726
GNR. Portal da Guarda Nacional Republicana. Operação Censos Sénior 2020 – Balanço [Internet]. Lisboa: Guarda Nacional Republicana; 2020 [citado 2020 set 10]. Disponível em: https://www.gnr.pt/MVC_GNR/Recortes/Details/15479
Officer A, Schneiders L, Wu D, Nash P, Thiyagarajan A. Valuing older people time for a global campaign to combat ageism. Bulletin of the World Health Organization [Internet]. 2016 Out 1 [citado 2020 set 10]; 94(10): 94–710A. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.184960
Iversen TN, Larsen L, Solem PE. A conceptual analysis of ageism. Nord Psychol [Internet]. 2009 Jul 11 [citado 2020 set 10]; 61(3): 4–22. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1027/1901-2276.61.3.4
Levy SR e Macdonald JL. Progress on Understanding Ageim. J Soc Issues [Internet] 2016 Mar 9 [citado 2020 set 10]; 72(1): 5–25. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12153
Ayalon L, Tesch-Römer C. Taking a closer look at ageism: self- and other-directed ageist attitudes and discrimination. Eur J Ageing [Internet]. 2017 Mar 7 [citado 2020 set 10]; 14(1): 1–4. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-016-0409-9
World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2015. [citado 2020 set 10]. 46 p. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/186463/9789240694811_eng.pdf?sequence=1
Vauclair CM, Lima ML, Abrams D, Swift HJ, Bratt C. What do older people think that others think of them, and does it matter? The role of meta-perceptions and social norms in the prediction of perceived age discrimination. Psychol Aging [Internet]. 2016 Nov [citado 2020 set 10]; 31(7): 699-710. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000125
Marques S. Discriminação da terceira idade. ed. eBook: Guidesign. Lisboa: Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos; 2016.
Ayalon L. Perceived Age, Gender, and Racial/Ethnic Discrimination in Europe: Results from the European Social Survey. Educ Gerontol [Internet]. 2014 Jan 27 [citado 2020 set 10]; 40(7): 499–517. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2013.845490
Giasson HL, Queen TL, Larkina M, Smith J. Age group differences in perceived age discrimination: Associations with self-perceptions of aging. Gerontologist [Internet]. 2017 Agost [citado 2020 set 10]; 57: S160–8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx070
Li LW, Dong XQ. Self-reported discrimination and depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults in Chicago. Journals Gerontol - Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. [Internet]. 2017 Jul 1 [citado 2020 set 10]; 72: S119–24. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw174
Han J, Richardson VE. The relationships among perceived discrimination self-perceptions of aging, and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal examination of age discrimination. Aging & Mental Health [Internet]. 2015 Agost 8 [citado 2020 set 10]; 19(8): 747-755. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2014.962007
Nadimpalli SB, James BD, Yu L, Cothran F, Barnes LL. The association between discrimination and depressive symptoms among older African Americans: The role of psychological and social factors. Exp Aging Res. [Internet]. 2015 Jan [citado 2020 set 10]; 41(1): 1-24. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2015.978201
Lyons A, Alba B, Heywood W, Fileborn B, Minichiello V, Barrett C, Hinchliff S, Malta S, Dow B. Experiences of ageism and the mental health of older adults. Aging Ment Health [Internet]. 2018 Nov [citado 2020 set 10]; 22(11):1456-1464. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1364347
Angelina RS, Yannick S, Henry C, Antonio T. Perceived discrimination and physical, cognitive, and emotional health in older adulthood. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015 Feb [citado 2020 set 10]; 23(2): 171-179. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2014.03.007
Burnes D, Sheppard C, Henderson CR Jr, Wassel M, Cope R, Barber C, Pillemer K. Interventions to Reduce Ageism Against Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Public Health [Internet]. 2019 Aug [citado 2020 set 10]; 109(8): e1-e9. Disponível em: https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305123
Santos Silva E, Eliana L, Astrês Fernandes M, Batista Moura ME, Pinheiro Landim Almeida CA. Elementos da formação do enfermeiro na prevenção da violência contra a pessoa idosa. Ciencia y Enfermeria [Internet]. 2019 [citado 2021 16 abril]; 25(7): 1-9. Disponível em: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/cienf/v25/0717-9553-cienf-25-7.pdf
Ferreira-Alves J, Novo RF. Avaliação da discriminação social de pessoas idosas em Portugal. International Journal of Clinical Health Psychology [Internet]. 2006 [citado 2020 set 10]; 6(1): 65-77. Disponível em: http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/4466/1/5.%20Jos%c3%a9%20Ferreira-Alves.pdf
Ribas I, Pontes M. Perceção dos idosos sobre perceção da discriminação social. Revista da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde [Internet]. 2010. [citado 2020 set 10]; 7: 144-154. Disponível em: https://bdigital.ufp.pt/bitstream/10284/2981/3/144-154.pdf
Nash P, Stuart-Hamilton I, Mayer P. The continuation of prejudice: Addressing negative attitudes in nurse training and continuing professional education. Educational Gerontology [Internet]. 2014 Jan 1 [citado 2020 set 10]; 40(1): 53-60. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2013.768084
Palmore E B. The ageism survey: First findings. The Gerontologist [Internet]. 2001 Oct 1 [citado 2020 set 10]; 41(5): 572-575. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.5.572
República de Portugal. Estratégia Nacional para o Envelhecimento Ativo e Saudável 2017-2025 [Internet]. Proposta do Grupo de Trabalho Interministerial (Despacho nº12427/2016). 2017. [citado 2020 set 10]. Disponível em:
https://www.sns.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ENEAS.pdf
Silva AV, Kobayasi DY. Práticas integrativas e complementares utilizadas para manejo da dor em idosos: revisão integrativa da literatura. Glob Acad Nurs. 2021;2(Sup.3):e183. https://dx.doi.org/10.5935/2675-5602.20200183
Ribera Casado JM, Bustillos A, Guerra Vaquero AI, Huici Casal C, Fernández-Ballesteros R. Se discrimina a los mayores en función de su edad?: Visión del profesional. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología [Internet]. 2016 [citado 2020 set 10]; 51(5): 270-275. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2016.03.005
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Global Academic Nursing Journal